Toxicological impact of strobilurin fungicides on human and environmental health: a literature review.

Fungicides are specifically used for controlling fungal infections. Strobilurins, a class of fungicides originating from the mushroom Strobilurus tenacellus, act on the fungal mitochondrial respiratory chain, interrupting the ATP cycle and causing oxidative stress. Although strobilurins are little soluble in water, they have been detected in water samples (such as rainwater and drinking water), indoor dust, and sediments, and they can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Strobilurins are usually absorbed orally and are mainly eliminated via the bile/fecal route and urine, but information about their metabolites is lacking. Strobilurins have low mammalian toxicity; however, they exert severe toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the main mechanisms related to the genotoxic damage elicited by toxic compounds, such as strobilurins. These mechanisms alter genes and cause other dysfunctions, including hormonal, cardiac, neurological, and immunological impairment. Despite limitations, we have been able to compile literature information about strobilurins. Many studies have dealt with their toxic effects, but further investigations are needed to clarify their cellular and underlying mechanisms, which will help to find ways to minimize the harmful effects of these compounds.

Deleterious effects of benzotriazoles on zebrafish development and neurotransmission: 5-Chloro-benzotriazole versus 1H-benzotriazole.

Benzotriazoles are heterocyclic compounds typically presenting a benzene ring fused with a triazole molecule. The industry uses these compounds as anti-corrosion agents and recently, they have been employed in the pharmaceutical industry and in detergent formulations. Benzotriazoles persist in the environment, and water treatment plants cannot degrade them completely. Consequently, these compounds have been detected in rivers, lakes, and drinking water, which makes assessing their safety for the human and aquatic animal populations crucial. Here, we have evaluated and compared how exposure to 1H-benzotriazole or 5-chloro-benzotriazole affect the zebrafish embryo-larval stages. We have determined the acute toxicity, morphometric alterations, and acetylcholinesterase activity on zebrafish embryos, as well as behavioral endpoints using the tail coiling assay. The estimated LC50 of 5-chloro-benzotriazole was 19 mg/L, whereas 1H-benzotriazole caused no mortality. The zebrafish embryos exposed to 20 and 25 mg/L 5-chloro-benzotriazole had decreased hatching rate and exhibited pericardial and yolk sac edemas. Furthermore, the embryo length and eye area were decreased, in contrast with an increased yolk sac after exposure to 20 mg/L 5-chloro-benzotriazole. In turn, 1H-benzotriazole also decreased the eye area of zebrafish embryos, but no other significant morphological alterations were observed. The tail coiling assay showed that the zebrafish embryos increased the percentage of time moving and the number of embryonic movements per minute after exposure to 1H-benzotriazole (15 mg/L) or 5-chloro-benzotriazole (20 and 25 mg/L), indicating that these compounds were potentially neurotoxic. However, acetylcholinesterase activity was not significantly altered in embryos exposed to 1H-benzotriazole, but significantly decreased when exposed to 0.05 mg/L 5-chloro benzotriazole confirming its neurotoxicity at a much lower concentration. Our findings showed that 5-chloro-benzotriazole seems to induce more harmful alterations to zebrafish embryos than 1H-benzotriazole. Nevertheless, 1H-benzotriazole seems to induce a direct effect on eye development for concentrations lower than the ones of 5-chloro-benzotriazole affecting zebrafish embryos.

Prevalence of sarcopenia in women at stable weight phase after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Objective: Evaluating the prevalence of sarcopenia in women submitted to bariatric surgery - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Subjects and methods: Women (18-65 years old) who underwent bariatric surgery (BG) ≥ 2 years and reached stable weight ≥ 6 months, were investigated. Control group (CG) comprised non-operated matched women with obesity. Body composition was determined through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Low lean mass (LLM) was defined as appendicular lean mass index (ALM kg/height m2) < 5.5 kg/m2. Physical strength was assessed through dynamometer and sit-to-stand test (SST), whereas performance was assessed through 4-m gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery Tests (SPPB). Sarcopenia was diagnosed in the presence of LLM and low strength. Results: One-hundred and twenty women (60 in each group, 50 ± 9.7 years old) were investigated. All anthropometric and body composition parameters were lower in BG than in CG, whereas strength and performance were similar between groups. Women with reduced strength presented high total fat mass and low physical activity level (p < 0.005). LLM was observed in 35% of BG and in 18.3% of CG (p = 0.04), whereas sarcopenia was diagnosed in 28.3% of BG and in 16.6% of CG (p = 0.12). Sarcopenic women in BG had better performance both in SST (p = 0.001) and SPPB (p = 0.004). Total lean mass (OR:1.41, 95% CI [1.18; 1.69], p < 0.001) and obesity (OR: 38.2 [2.27; 644.12], p < 0.001) were associated with sarcopenia in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Despite great weight loss, sarcopenia prevalence did not increase in BG and its presence was influenced by total lean mass and obesity.

Prevalence of sarcopenia in women at stable weight phase after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluating the prevalence of sarcopenia in women submitted to bariatric surgery - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Subjects and methods: Women (18-65 years old) who underwent bariatric surgery (BG) ≥ 2 years and reached stable weight ≥ 6 months, were investigated. Control group (CG) comprised non-operated matched women with obesity. Body composition was determined through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Low lean mass (LLM) was defined as appendicular lean mass index (ALM kg/height m2) < 5.5 kg/m2. Physical strength was assessed through dynamometer and sit-to-stand test (SST), whereas performance was assessed through 4-m gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery Tests (SPPB). Sarcopenia was diagnosed in the presence of LLM and low strength. Results: One-hundred and twenty women (60 in each group, 50 ± 9.7 years old) were investigated. All anthropometric and body composition parameters were lower in BG than in CG, whereas strength and performance were similar between groups. Women with reduced strength presented high total fat mass and low physical activity level (p < 0.005). LLM was observed in 35% of BG and in 18.3% of CG (p = 0.04), whereas sarcopenia was diagnosed in 28.3% of BG and in 16.6% of CG (p = 0.12). Sarcopenic women in BG had better performance both in SST (p = 0.001) and SPPB (p = 0.004). Total lean mass (OR:1.41, 95% CI [1.18; 1.69], p < 0.001) and obesity (OR: 38.2 [2.27; 644.12], p < 0.001) were associated with sarcopenia in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Despite great weight loss, sarcopenia prevalence did not increase in BG and its presence was influenced by total lean mass and obesity.

Relationship of Purpose in Life to Dementia in Older Black and White Brazilians.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that higher level of purpose in life is associated with lower likelihood of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older Brazilians. METHODS: As part of the Pathology, Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Study (PARDoS), informants of 1,514 older deceased Brazilians underwent a uniform structured interview. The informant interview included demographic data, the Clinical Dementia Rating scale to diagnose dementia and MCI, the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for depression, and a 6-item measure of purpose in life, a component of well-being. RESULTS: Purpose scores ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 with higher values indicating higher levels of purpose. On the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, 940 persons (62.1%) had no cognitive impairment, 121 (8.0%) had MCI, and 453 (29.9%) had dementia. In logistic regression models adjusted for age at death, sex, education, and race, higher purpose was associated with lower likelihood of MCI (odds ratio = .58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .43, .79) and dementia (odds ratio = .49, 95% CI: .41, .59). Results were comparable after adjusting for depression (identified in 161 [10.6%]). Neither race nor education modified the association of purpose with cognitive diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Higher purpose in life is associated with lower likelihood of MCI and dementia in older black and white Brazilians.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Brazilians with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge is limited about behavioral and psychological symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in racial and ethnic minorities. METHODS: As part of the Pathology, Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Study (PARDoS), we interviewed knowledgeable informants of 2319 older Brazilian decedents (67% white, 11% black, 22% mixed) using the informant portion of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale to classify MCI and dementia and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory to assess behavioral and psychological symptoms. RESULTS: We identified four clusters of neuropsychiatric symptoms: agitation, affect/apathy, psychosis, and behavioral problems. On the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, 1407 had no cognitive impairment, 180 had MCI, and 732 had dementia. Both MCI and dementia were associated with symptoms in each behavioral/psychological cluster (all P's < .001). There was little evidence of racial differences in the association of MCI and dementia with these neuropsychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSION: MCI and dementia are associated with elevated behavioral and psychological symptoms in older black and white Brazilians.

Relation of Literacy and Music Literacy to Dementia in Older Black and White Brazilians.

BACKGROUND: Literacy is more consistently reported than education as protective against dementia in developing regions. OBJECTIVE: To study the association of verbal literacy, numeracy, and music literacy with dementia in older Black and White Brazilians with a broad spectrum of education. METHODS: We studied 1,818 Black, Mixed-race, and White deceased Brazilians 65 years or older at death (mean = 79.64). Data were retrospectively obtained within 36 hours after death in a face-to-face interview with an informant, usually a family member. Dementia was classified using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Three forms of literacy were ascertained: verbal literacy (10 questions: reading and writing), numeracy (3 questions: multiplication, percentages, and use of a calculator), and music literacy (1 question: reading music). Black (11%) and Mixed-race (23%) older adults were combined in analyses. Models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: Dementia was identified in 531 people. Participants had 0 to 25 years of education (median = 4). More literacy was associated with lower odds of dementia (all p≤0.039). Participants that read music had about half the odds of having dementia. Participants in the highest quartile of numeracy and verbal literacy had respectively 27%and 15%lower odds of having dementia compared to the lowest quartile. Literacy was lower in Blacks (p < 0.001, except music p = 0.894) but the effect of literacy on dementia was similar (interaction p > 0.237). In secondary analyses, playing instruments without reading music was not associated with dementia (p = 0.887). CONCLUSION: In a large sample of Brazilians, verbal literacy, numeracy, and music literacy were associated with lower odds of dementia. The effect was similar across races.

The link between social and emotional isolation and dementia in older black and white Brazilians.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the link between social and emotional isolation and likelihood of dementia among older black and white Brazilians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical-pathological cohort study. SETTING: Medical center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: As part of the Pathology, Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Study, we conducted uniform structured interviews with knowledgeable informants (72% children) of 1,493 older (age > 65) Brazilian decedents. MEASUREMENTS: The interview included measures of social isolation (number of family and friends in at least monthly contact with decedent), emotional isolation (short form of UCLA Loneliness Scale), and major depression plus the informant portion of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale to diagnose dementia and its precursor, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). RESULTS: Decedents had a median social network size of 8.0 (interquartile range = 9.0) and a median loneliness score of 0.0 (interquartile range = 1.0). On the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, 947 persons had no cognitive impairment, 122 had MCI, and 424 had dementia. In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, education, sex, and race, both smaller network size (odds ratio [OR] = 0.975; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.962, 0.989) and higher loneliness (OR = 1.145; 95% CI: 1.060, 1.237) were associated with higher likelihood of dementia. These associations persisted after controlling for depression (present in 10.4%) and did not vary by race. After controlling for depression, neither network size nor loneliness was related to MCI. CONCLUSION: Social and emotional isolation are associated with higher likelihood of dementia in older black and white Brazilians.

GH and IGF-I levels and tumor shrinkage in response to first generation somatostatin receptor ligands in acromegaly: a comparative study between two reference centers for pituitary diseases in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To compare biochemical and tumor response rates between two reference centers for pituitary diseases in Brazil after primary and adjuvant therapy with somatostatin receptor ligands (SRL) in acromegaly. METHODS: Patients were classified as non-responders (NR), partial responders (PR), and full responders (FR) to 12-month SRL therapy according to: [criteria A] normal IGF-I and random GH (rGH) < 1 ng/mL (FR); ≥ 50% decrease of IGF-I and/or rGH (PR); < 50% decrease of IGF-I and rGH (NR); [criteria B] normal IGF-I (FR); ≥ 50% decrease of IGF-I (PR); < 50% decrease of IGF-I (NR). Tumor shrinkage <20% defined poor responders (tPR) and ≥ 20% good responders (tGR). RESULTS: We studied 219 acromegaly patients (59% women, age 43.1 ± 13.9 years; 73 from Center I and 146 from Center II). After SRL therapy, the proportion of FR, PR, and NR by criteria A and B was 30.2 vs 49.1%, 52.8 vs 21.2% and 17 vs 29.7%, respectively (p < 0.001). Considering criteria A or B separately, there was no difference in the proportion of FR, PR and NR between two centers. However, when comparing criteria A and B, the Center I showed a difference of 30.9% in classification of FR in relation to 13.2% observed in Center II (p = 0.006). tGR were 51.4% of patients, with no differences between the centers. CONCLUSIONS: IGF-I alone significantly increased positive response rates to SRLs, whereas the inclusion of rGH levels into therapeutic decision might lead to a significant increment on the costs of acromegaly management.

Neuroticism, negative life events, and dementia in older White and Black Brazilians.

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to negative life events (NLEs) and neuroticism are associated with dementia. It is unknown whether neuroticism explains or modifies the association of NLEs with dementia in older Black and White Brazilians. METHODS: A total of 1747 decedents 65 years and older White and Black (11% Black and 23% Mixed) Brazilians, 53% women, were included in the analyses. Data were obtained in a face-to-face interview with an informant (71% their children) who knew the decedents for 47 years on average. Dementia was classified using the Clinical Dementia Rating. NLEs were assessed with a 10-item scale involving common problems (e.g., death, illness, alcoholism, and financial). Neuroticism was assessed with a 6-item neuroticism scale adapted from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Models adjusted for age, sex, and education. Black and mixed-race were combined in the analyses. RESULTS: NLEs (median of 2) were more common in Blacks than Whites (2.04 vs. 1.82, p = 0.007). More NLEs increased the odds of dementia (OR = 1.112, ß = 0.106, p = 0.002), similarly in Blacks and Whites (ß interaction  = 0.046, p = 0.526). More NLEs were also associated with higher neuroticism (ß = 0.071, p < 0.0001), in Whites but not in Blacks (ß interaction  = -0.048, p = 0.006). Neuroticism was associated with higher odds of dementia (OR = 1.658, ß = 0.506, p=<0.001), in Whites but not in Blacks (ß interaction  = -0.420, p = 0.040). Overall, 34% of the effect of NLEs on dementia was associated with the underlying neuroticism trait in Whites (65%, Indirect OR = 1.060, p < 0.001) but no association was evident in Blacks (6%, Indirect OR = 1.008, p = 0.326). Neuroticism did not moderate the association of NLEs with dementia (OR = 0.979, ß = -0.021, p = 0.717). CONCLUSION: The association of NLEs and dementia is partially explained by neuroticism in older White but not in Blacks Brazilians.

Pulmonary Emphysema Impairs Male Reproductive Physiology Due To Testosterone and Oxidative Stress Imbalance in Mesocricetus auratus.

This study evaluated whether pulmonary emphysema affects sperm quality, male reproductive organs, and testosterone levels in adult male hamsters. Mesocricetus auratus males (130-150 g) were subdivided into a control group (C group) and an emphysema group (E group). The C group received an intratracheal instillation of saline solution (0.3 mL/100 g of body weight), and the E group received papain (40 mg/100 g of body weight). After 60 days, the biometric, pulmonary, and reproductive parameters of each group were evaluated. The E group developed pulmonary emphysema, which decreased body weight and sperm quality compared to the C group. In oxidative stress-related assays, lipid peroxidation was increased in the testis and epididymis (caput and cauda) in the E group compared with the C group. However, only the caput epididymis showed a reduction in glutathione levels. Pulmonary emphysema also affected the testicle by inducing an increase in abnormal seminiferous tubules, accompanied by a decrease in seminiferous epithelium height. Spermatogenesis kinetics were also modified by pulmonary emphysema. The number of Leydig and Sertoli cells decreased in the E group, accompanied by an increase in the nuclear volume of Leydig cells. Testosterone concentration was increased in the E group. Similarly, pulmonary emphysema altered epididymal components in all regions. In conclusion, pulmonary emphysema affected the reproductive system in this experimental model, as shown by testicular and epididymal morphophysiology changes, hormonal alteration, and oxidative stress imbalance, inducing the loss of correct function in the male reproductive system.

Correction to: Impairment of testicular development in rats exposed to acephate during maternal gestation and lactation.

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake.

Impairment of testicular development in rats exposed to acephate during maternal gestation and lactation.

Acephate is an organophosphate insecticide that disrupts the endocrine system and impairs the male reproductive system. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether exposure to acephate during maternal gestation and lactation histologically damages the testes of male Wistar rats in adulthood. For this study, adult Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: ACE-mother, (2.5 mg/kg/bw, gestational day (GD) 7 to postnatal day (PND) 21) and oil-mother (corn oil (control), GD 7 to PND 21). The male offspring (PND 90) were euthanized, and the prostates and testes were collected and weighed. The testes were utilized for histopathological analyses and to determine the sperm count. A spermatogenesis kinetic analysis revealed an increased number of seminiferous tubules in stages I-VI in the ACE-mother group. Additionally, we observed a decrease in the epithelium and the diameters of the evaluated seminiferous tubules and in the number of Sertoli cells in the group exposed to acephate. The sperm count analysis showed no difference between the groups. We conclude that maternal exposure to the pesticide acephate did not affect testicular function, but led to the impairment of testicular development and morphology of the tissue in adulthood.

Melanoma Cutâneo em um Hospital Universitário, 2001-2016 / Cutaneous Melanoma in a University Hospital, 2001-2016 / Melanoma Cutáneo en un Hospital Universitario, 2001-2016

Introdução: O melanoma é a principal causa de morte entre as neoplasias malignas cutâneas primárias. Sua incidência mundial vem aumentando progressivamente, entretanto, existem escassas informações epidemiológicas nacionais. Objetivo: Analisar os perfis epidemiológico e histopatológico de melanomas cutâneos diagnosticados em hospital universitário nos últimos 16 anos. Método: Série histórica de casos de melanoma cutâneo realizada por meio da revisão de prontuários e laudos histopatológicos de 2001 a 2016. Resultados:A frequência manteve-se com média de 2,99 melanomas por mil novos atendimentos ambulatoriais. A casuística foi de 224 melanomas cutâneos em 211 pacientes, brancos (98,6%), mulheres (55,9%), com idade média de 57,3 anos. O tempo médio entre o aparecimento da lesão (desde surgimento da lesão ou desde que a lesão começou a se modificar, relatado pelo paciente) e o diagnóstico foi 4,8 anos. O tamanho predominante foi de 0,5 a 2 cm, acometendo principalmente a região cefálica em indivíduos maiores de 60 anos e troncular naqueles menores de 60 anos. "Outros melanomas" (34,8%) e melanoma extensivo superficial (31,7%) foram os subtipos mais frequentes. A maioria dos casos apresentou índice de Breslow ≤1mm (70%). Os subtipos mais finos (≤1 mm) foram extensivo superficial e lentigo maligno. Melanomas nodulares possuíam Breslow intermediário (1 a 4 mm) ou espesso (≥4 mm) com altas taxas de disseminação e metástase linfonodal. Conclusão: A frequência manteve-se estável. Houve prevalência em população maior de 60 anos. Os subtipos mais frequentes foram "outros melanomas" e extensivo superficial com localização cefálica e troncular em sua maioria.

Introduction: Melanoma is the main cause of death among primary skin neoplasms. The worldwide incidence has been increasing, however there is scarce national epidemiological information. Objective: Analyze the epidemiological and histopathological profile of cutaneous melanomas diagnosed at a university hospital in the last 16 years. Method: Historical series of cutaneous melanoma cases from review of charts and histopathological reports from 2001 to 2016. Results: The mean frequency over the years was 2.99 melanomas for every 1,000 new outpatient visits. The casuistry consisted of 224 cases of cutaneous melanomas in 211 patients, Caucasians (98.6%), women (55.9%), with mean age of 57.3 years. The mean time between onset of the lesion (time since the appearance of the lesion or since it began to change reported by the patient) and diagnosis was 4.8 years. The predominant tumor size was 0.5 to 2 cm, affecting the cephalic region in individuals older than 60 years and torso in those younger than 60 years. "Other melanomas" (34.8%) and superficial spreading melanoma (31.7%) were the predominant subtypes. Most of the cases had Breslow index ≤ 1 mm (70% of patients). The thinnest subtypes (≤ 1 mm) were superficial spreading melanoma and lentigo maligna. Nodular melanomas had intermediate Breslow (1 to 4 mm) or thick (≥ 4 mm) with high dissemination rate and lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: The frequency remained stable. Population below 60 years old had a higher prevalence. The most frequent subtypes were "other melanomas" and extensive superficial located mainly in the cephalic and torso regions.

Introdução: El melanoma es la principal causa de muerte entre las neoplasias malignas cutáneas primarias. Su incidencia mundial ha aumentado progresivamente, sin embargo, la información epidemiológica nacional es escasa. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil epidemiológico e histopatológico de los melanomas cutáneos diagnosticados en un hospital universitario en 16 años. Método: Serie histórica de casos de melanoma cutáneo obtenidos por la revisión de registros médicos e informes histopatológicos de 2001-2016. Resultados: La frecuencia se mantuvo con un promedio de 2,99 melanomas/mil nuevas consultas. La casuística consistió en 224 melanomas cutáneos en 211 pacientes, blancos (98,6%), mujeres (55,9%), con edad media de 57,3 años. El promedio entre la aparición de la lesión (desde la aparición o desde que comenzó a cambiar según informe del paciente) y diagnóstico fue 4,8 años. El tamaño predominante de 0,5 a 2 cm, afectando principalmente la región cefálica en mayores de 60 años y el tronco cuando menores de 60. "Otros melanomas" (34,8%) y melanoma extenso superficial (31,7%) fueron los subtipos más frecuentes. La mayoría de los casos tenía índice de Breslow ≤1 mm (70%). Los más delgados (≤1 mm) fueron lentigo extenso superficial y maligno. Los nodulares tenían Breslow intermedio (1 a 4 mm) o grueso (≥4 mm) con altas tasas de diseminación y metástasis para ganglios linfáticos. Conclusión: La frecuencia se mantuvo estable. Hubo mayor prevalencia en la población menor de 60 años. Los subtipos más frecuentes fueron "otros melanomas" y extensos superficiales con localización principalmente cefálica y del tronco.

Contribuição topográfica do forame e língula mandibular em procedimentos cirúrgicos no ramo da mandíbula / Topographic contribution of the foramen and mandibular lingula in mandibular ramus surgeries

Objetivo: analisar a topografia e biometria do forame mandibular e da lingula mandibular em crânios secos para verificar sua variabilidade e determinar suas posições topográficas. Material e Método: Para analisar as distâncias, foram realizadas medições utilizando um paquímetro digital Mitutoyo® devidamente calibrado para coletar a distância em milímetros, do centro do forame até as quatro margens (anterior, posterior, superior e inferior) do ramo mandibular (N = 176). Realizamos as medidas do forame mandibular em milímetros para determinar sua geometria externa. A lingula mandibular (N = 76) foi estudada quanto à sua localização topográfica e forma quando sua estrutura é preservada. Todos os dados foram documentados em um protocolo de coleta de dados com o objetivo de desenhar diagramas esquemáticos e arquivar as fotografias dos casos e a análise dos resultados. Resultados: em relação à frequência, o forame estava presente em todos os casos (100%), em ambos os lados da superfície medial do nervo mandibular. O número de forames de cada lado é único: foram observados 175 casos (99,5%). Apenas um forame (0,5%) era o dobro do lado direito. Em relação à sua posição em relação às margens da mandíbula, na maioria delas, está localizada próxima à margem inferior, variando entre 9,6 mm e 39,1 mm, com média de 26,0 mm. A margem posterior da mandíbula variou entre 6,8 mm e 24,0 mm, com média de 12,30 mm. A lingula mandibular dos maxilares foi analisada em 32 maxilares (64 casos), com formato triangular (55%), presente na maioria dos casos (86%) e posição ântero-superior em 43% deles. Conclusões: o forame mandibular é um elemento anatômico importante para o sucesso da técnica de bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior. Sua estrutura acessória, a lingula mandibular, é uma posição de referência em cirurgia ortognática; devido à sua localização e aspecto, serve como um escudo protetor para o feixe neurovascular alveolar inferior

Objective: to analyze the topography and biometrics of the mandibular foramen and mandibular lingula in dry skulls to verify their variability and to determine their topographic positions. Material and method: to analyze the distances, measurements were made using a properly calibrated Mitutoyo® digital caliper to collect the distance in millimeters, from the center of the foramen to the four margins (anterior, posterior, superior and inferior) of the mandibular ramus (N=176). We performed the measurements of the mandibular foramen in millimeters to determine its external geometry. The mandibular lingula (N=76) was studied regarding its topographical location and shape when its structure was preserved. All data were documented in a data collection protocol aimed at drawing schematic diagrams and archiving the photographs of the cases and the analysis of the results. Results: in relation to the frequency, the foramen was present in all cases (100%), on both sides on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus. The number of foramen on each side is unique: 175 cases (99.5%) were observed. Only one foramen (0.5%) was double on the right side. Regarding its position in relation to the margins of the jaw, in most of them, it is located near the inferior margin, having varied between 9.6mm and 39.1mm, with an average of 26.0mm. The posterior margin of the jaw varied between 6.8mm and 24.0mm, with an average of 12.30mm. The mandibular lingula of the jaws were analyzed in 32 jaws (64 cases), having triangular shape (55%), present in most cases (86%) and in anterosuperior position in 43% of them. Conclusions: the mandibular foramen is an important anatomical element for the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block technique. Its accessory structure, the mandibular lingula, is a reference position in orthognathic surgery; due to its location and aspect, it serves as a protective shield for the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle

Prevalência e caracterização das lesões orais na Clínica de Estomatologia da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro ­ Estudo Retrospectivo de 12 anos / Prevalence and characterization of oral lesions in the Stomatology Clinics of the Piquet Carneiro Polyclinics 12-Year Retrospective Study

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência dos principais tipos de lesões submetidas à biópsia e identificar o perfil dos pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Estomatologia da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro (PPC/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro) no período compreendido entre 2000 e 2012. Material e Métodos: estudo transversal e retrospectivo em que prontuários de 2078 pacientes foram avaliados e dados referentes às doenças, idade, gênero, cor da pele e localização anatômica das lesões foram coletados e analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: 69% dos pacientes (1441 casos) obtiveram o diagnóstico conclusivo através de exame histopatológico, ao passo que 31% (637 casos) obtiveram um laudo histopatológico descritivo. Dos casos com diagnóstico histopatológico conclusivo, 58% eram mulheres, 31% homens e em 11% o sexo não foi informado. A média de idade da população estudada foi de 50,63 anos e em 58% dos casos os pacientes eram leucodermas. O maior número de lesões foram as do grupo dos processos proliferativos não-neoplásicos, sendo a hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória (30,1%) a mais prevalente. Conclusão: o perfil epidemiológico do paciente atendido no período estudado foi composto predominantemente por mulheres com mais de 50 anos de idade e a lesão oral mais prevalente foi a hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória. Este estudo reforça a importância do papel da análise histopatológica como método auxiliar de diagnóstico e que possibilita a elaboração de estratégias específicas para prevenção e detecção precoce das doenças orais mais frequentes na população

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of the main types of lesions submitted to biopsy and to identify the profile of patients attended at the Stomatology Clinics of the Piquet Carneiro Polyclinics (PPC/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro) between 2000 and 2012. Material and methods: this is a cross-sectional and retrospective study in which medical records of 2,078 patients were evaluated and data referring to diseases, age, sex, skin color and anatomical location of the lesions were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 69% of patients (1,441 cases) obtained the conclusive diagnosis by histopathological examination, whereas 31% (637 cases) obtained a descriptive histopathologic report. Of the cases with conclusive histopathological diagnosis, 58% were women, 31% were men and 11% did not inform their sex. The mean age of the studied population was 50.63 years and in 58% of the cases the patients had light skin. The largest number of lesions were from non-neoplastic proliferative processes, and the inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (30.1%) was the most prevalent. Conclusion: the epidemiologic profile of patients attended during the study period consisted predominantly of women over 50 years of age and the most prevalent oral injury was inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia. This study reinforces the importance of the histopathological analysis as a diagnostic auxiliary method that enables the elaboration of specific strategies for prevention and early detection of the most frequent oral diseases in the population

Alcohol extract of Bauhinia forficata link reduces lipid peroxidation in the testis and epididymis of adult Wistar rats.

Bauhinia forficata is a medicinal plant that has flavonoid components with hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory action. Aim of this study is to evaluate the action of B. forficata alcoholic extract in the male genital system of adult male Wistar rats. For that, 20 adult male Wistar rats were distributed into two experimental groups: the B. forficata group, receiving B. forficata alcoholic extract (0.1 ml/10 g body weight/day) on alternate days, and the control group, receiving just the vehicle for 30 days straight both via gavage. On the 31st day, the animals were euthanized, and the testis and epididymis were collected for histopathological, biochemical, morphometric, and sperm count analysis. Mass spectrometry identified new compounds in the extract: trans-caffeic acid, liquiritigenin, gallocatechin, and 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenanthren-2-glycoside. Biochemical analysis showed higher total cholesterol levels in the testis and lower malondialdehyde levels in the testis and epididymis, in the B. forficata group. The mast cell count showed a reduction in degranulated mast cells in the caput region of the epididymis, in the B. forficata group. The luminal compartment of the caput and the epithelial of the epididymis cauda were reduced, whereas the stromal region of the epididymis caput was increased in the B. forficata group, compared with the control group. The testicular tissue was less impaired, considering that all the histological analyses were similar to the control. We believe that B. forficata alcoholic extract in the male genital system showed antioxidant action, especially in the epididymal tissue.

Homens e acidentes de trânsito e o atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel / Men and traffic accidents and mobile pre-hospital care

Objetivo: caracterizar o atendimento pré-hospitalar prestados a homens vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, numa sede do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, compondo-se a amostra por 2.365 registros de atendimentos documentados em prontuários de homens que sofreram acidentes por causas externas. Apresentaram-se os resultados em tabelas. Resultados: identificou-se um elevado índice de acidentes de trânsito envolvendo motocicletas com homens jovens em idade produtiva, onde a grande maioria dos atendimentos foi realizada por USB e o turno de maior incidência foi o noturno. Conclusão: verificou-se, por meio do estudo, a indispensabilidade de medidas de ações preventivas, educativas e de fiscalização no trânsito por parte de órgãos.(AU)

Objective: to characterize the prehospital care provided to men victims of traffic accidents. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study at a Mobile Emergency Service Headquarters, comprising a sample of 2,365 records of care documented in medical records of men who suffered accidents due to external causes. Results were presented in tables. Results: a high rate of traffic accidents involving motorcycles with young men of productive age was identified, where most of the attendance was performed by BSU and the shift with the highest incidence was nocturnal. Conclusion: it was verified, through the study, the indispensability of preventive, educational and inspection measures in the transit by organs.(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar la atención pre hospitalaria prestada a hombres víctimas de accidentes de tránsito. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, en una sede del Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia, con muestra compuesta por 2.365 registros de atendimientos documentados en prontuarios de hombres que sufrieron accidentes por causas externas. Se presentaron los resultados en tablas. Resultados: se identificó un elevado índice de accidentes de tránsito involucrando motocicletas con hombres jóvenes en edad productiva, donde la gran mayoría de las atenciones fue realizada por USB y el turno de mayor incidencia fue el nocturno. Conclusión: se verificó, por medio del estudio, la indispensable de medidas de acciones preventivas, educativas y de fiscalización en el tránsito por parte de órganos.(AU)